The Call for a World Constitutional Convention: An Application of John Lockes Theory of Revolution :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

The Call for a World Constitutional Convention An Application of John Lockes Theory of RevolutionABSTRACT A front led by an organization called One World is advocating the idea of Direct body politic, whereby individuals everywhere would have the opportunity to elect delegates to a world constitutional convention. In theory, any document drafted by this convention would be returned to individuals throughout the world for their approval. The assumption of the Direct Democracy movement is that individuals throughout the world have the properly to bypass existing governments in secernate to establish the rule of law on a global level. Leaders of this movement believe that the Direct Democracy movement is consistent with democratic ideas, including those articulated by Locke. Two questions are at issue. First, do individuals have the righteousness to bypass existing governments in order to establish an international government? Second, is it desirable to establish world government? I conclude that, according to Locke, sovereign causation rests with individualsnot governments. Individuals have the right to delegate a portion of their power from one government to another and, when they do so, revolution ensues. Revolution of this sort would be desirable because national governments cannot fork out security in the nuclear age. So individuals should impart some power from the national to the international level. The call for a world constitutional convention is a call for a peaceful revolution that could abolish war. Do People Have the Right to Bypass Existing Governments?According to John Locke, governments derive their power from the consent of the governed. The power of government is the sum of the of the rights that government is given by the individuals in the society it governs. As Locke states it the power of government is that power which every man, having in the state of nature, has given up into the hands of the society, and therein to governours.(1)H aving given up some rights to national governments, do individuals retain control of those rights so that they can transfer rights to an international government? Here we seem to confront a puzzle in Locke. Rights must be alienable in order for individuals to give rights to governments, nevertheless citizens retain rights that allow them the right of rebellion. There are passages in Locke that suggest that rights can be permanently alienated, such as when Locke discusses a person who performs an human activity that deserves death such as one who initiates a state of war.

Tsunamis Essay -- Tsunamis Natural Disasters Nature Essays

TsunamisTable of Contents1Introduction2Impact to human life3Impact to Non-human life4Impact to the milieu7Impact to the Economy8American Red Cross Assistance9Conclusion13Bibliography14IntroductionA grand Tsunami (Japanese for Harbor wave) had hit southern Asia the day after Christmas 2004. The cause of the Tsunami was an offshore earthquake that results in the tectonic plates being displaced and the creation of a plumb shift in the ocean floor. This vertical shift lead to a large volume of water being uplifted and turned to create a huge wave that traveled up to 300 miles per hour, gradually slowing as it reached the shore. At that time, people in the coastal areas were not aware of the panic that they were about to endure. They received no warnings of the tsunami. Unfortunately, 10 meters of the wave caught many people by surprise, as they looked dumfounded when the ocean engulfed them whole. To date this disaster is believed to have killed all over three hundred thousand peopl e, marking itself as one of the most devastating Tsunamis ever. The waves from the Tsunami destroyed everything in their path and drowned most innocent living things with it. It has straightway been concluded that the earthquake, which caused this Tsunami, was probably twice as strong as originally estimated - a magnitude 9.15 instead of 9.0. Much of the slippage along the fault is believed to have taken place as much as a half an hour after the initial quake and go ond up to three hours afterward. Additionally, it is feared that earthquake could continue to affect the region for many years and could trigger more large quakes (Eric P H Yap, 2005).It is believed that some areas were harder hit, by the Tsunamis strength, than others due to coastal technical development. The development of coastal areas damages or totally destroys much of the surrounding coral reefs. Certain areas, such as in the Maldives, still have a network of coral reefs and intact mangroves that may have prote cted the island from the open sea. Poorly planned coastal development has compounded the impact of the tsunami, said Mubariq Ahmad, head word of WWF Indonesia. It is vital that we dont make the mistakes of the past. We need to rebuild in a sustainable and safe way (Le Tourneau Gore, 2005).Impact to human lifeTh... ... MESBAHI of Share The World s Resource s (STWR). The tsunami and Brandt Report 1 Edition. Papua - New Guinea Post - Courier 7 February 2005. ProQuest Newsstand. ProQuest.UN Rehabilitation of severely affected mangroves would help speed recovery from tsunami, says aliment and agriculture organization. M2 Presswire 20 January 2005. ProQuest Newsstand. ProQuest.Rinne, Pasi et al. After the Tsunami Rapid Environmental Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme. 2005.Eric Bellman in Lake Hikkaduwa, Sri Lanka, and Timothy Mapes in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Tsunami Aftermath Scarred Earth result Nature Bounce Back? Salt Water and Debris Alter Ecosystems Threatening Fi elds, Reefs and Forests. Asian Wall Street Journal New York, N.Y. 17 Jan. 2005,A.5. ProQuest Newsstand. ProQuest.Animal orbiter News. Slow Recovery for Seal Life. 12 Jan.2005. 30 May 2005. Animal Friends Croatia. Tsunamis killed animals, too 30 May 2005. Animal Planet News. Tsunamis Destroy Sea Life. 3 Jan. 2005. Animal Planet News. Sri Lankan Wildlife Avoided the Tsunamis. 4 Jan 2005. 30 May 2005. Donaldson-Evans, Catherine. Tsunami Animals A Sixth Sense? 9 Jan. 2005. 30 May 2005.

The Duchess of Malfi - Character Summary :: English Literature

The Duchess of Malfi - Character SummaryThe birds that live i th fieldOn the wild benefit of nature, liveHappier than we for they may choose their mates,And carol their amiable pleasures to the spring.The Duchess of Malfi (3.5.18-21)The Duchess of Malfi Character SummaryA widow, the duchess rules her duchy alone. Lonely and in love, shesecretly marries her steward Antonio. This is done in a hand-fastmarriage witnessed by Cariola, the Duchess hand-maiden. By choosingto sweep up Antonio in secret, the Duchess neglects her duty to herpeople. When she begins getting pregnant and giving birth, her peopledenounce her as a strumpet. They then lose their respect for theirleader. The pilgrims in Act 4 (when the Duchess and her family are inLoreto at the religous shrine) are the only disinterested parties inthe play. They are also the only disinterested commoners.back to top.Thats the greatest torture souls intent in hell,In hell that they must live, and cannot die.The Duchess of Malfi (4.1 .70-71)Women as RulersWomen rulers and the circumstances they deal with are very much unlikemen rulers and their situations. The women must worry about(predicate) societyspropensities, their own feelings, and the welfare of their people. Itis much more difficult to be a woman in power than to be a man inpower. The choices women rulers light up cannot be only for themselves,and one wrong decision can spell disaster. Interested in womenscourtly power and influence?A count Hes a mere stick of sugar-candy,You may look quite through him. When I chooseA husband, I will marry for your honor.The Duchess of Malfi (3.1.43-45)The Real-life Duchess of Malfi Queen ElizabethQueen Elizabeth I ruled over England alone. She never married,choosing to claim instead that she was married to her country. Bydoing this, Elizabeth retained her authority and she was not forgottenbehind the name of a man. In spite of this, though, or perhaps becauseof it, she endeared herself to her people. The Duchess, cho osing love,chooses her downfall. The Queen Elizabeth, choosing duty (her throne),chooses the path to immortality.I am acquainted with sad misery,As the tanned galley-slave is with his oar.Necessity makes me suffer constantly,And made-to-order makes it easy.The Duchess of Malfi (4.2.27-30)The Duchess and FerdinandIncest, as a motive, was used extensively in various Elizabethan/Jacobean plays including Hamlet, A King & No King, and Tis PityShes a Whore. Incest is merely implied in The Duchess of Malfibecause the queer nature of the play does not allow it to become anabsolute.

Bridge To Terabithia :: essays research papers

There are many main themes in Bridge to Terabithia. One of the most important is Jesse and Leslies magical kingdom in the woods called Terabithia. Terabithia is a small castle they built in the woods where they go to escape and have magical adventures. The "bridge" is a rope they use to swing oer the dry creek. Another main theme is Jesse running every morning during the summer so he can be the fastest runner in fifth grade, only to be beat by Leslie, the new girl in town. One more theme is Jesse being the only boy in his house. He has two evil older sisters, who always get their way by whining. He has a younger sister who looks up to him and a deflower sister, who of course, gets all the attention. Every period the baby cries his arrest assumes its because Jesse had something to do with it. A few main ideas are the differences between Jesses family and Leslies family. Jesses family is quite poor and high strung. Jesses mother is a housewife. She cooks she cleans and rais es the children. Jesses father is usually angry. He works and tries to bring home some money. Until he gets laid off but all the same then he doesnt give up. He wakes up at the same time ever morning to go to the unemployment office. Jesses two older sisters are Brenda and Ellie. All they do is grizzle to get off of doing their chores and criticize Jesse for anything. His younger sister May Belle, looks up to him but he tries to act like an older, tougher brother and doesnt give her much thought, even though he loves her. The youngest sister, Joyce Ann isnt really mentioned except when Jesse tries to push May Belle to her so shell leave him alone and when Jesses mother yells at him because of her. Jesses hobbies are his art and running. Before Leslie locomote in, his best friend seemed to be Miss Bessie, the cow. She would watch him run every morning. Leslies family on the other hand is actually rich. Both her parents are writers and they decided to prevail because they felt the y were getting too absorbed in their money and lifestyle. Leslie is an only child but even though she is it seems as if she doesnt spend much time with her father. When her father was fixing up the house and asked her to help she felt so needed and happy.

Influenza in New York City :: Journalism Media Studies Influenza Health Essays

influenza in parvenue York urban centerNEW YORK--The Influenza epidemic arrived in the city last month, and it has remained a constant presence since then. The epidemic, which is now present in most major cities in America, lingers in and around the city, affecting everyone. Dr. Copeland, Health Commissioner Royal, has declared influenza to be a reportable disease. Influenza presents itself in a manner not unlike a frozen runny nose, chills, fever, coughing, sneezing. Influenza is a stronger version of the cold, as it can lead to extreme pain and congestion, and, as we have seen, it can often result in death. Because influenza is so much like the cold, doctors urge all New Yorkers to suspect and prepare for influenza first when these symptoms arise. For their part, city officials have outlawed sneezing, coughing, and spitting in public. Doctors say the disease is spread through expelled mucus and saliva. It is expected that the new municipal codes will help to slow the sp read of the disease. While the precautions knockout many as odd and unnecessary, doctors insist that being more careful about our fluids will end the epidemic in the city sooner kinda than later. Transgressors, along with receiving the disdain of the public, will be fined arrested and fined. Doctors and City officials alike insist that everyone cooperate to contain this disease. City-dwellers will also notice new opening and closedown times for bars, restaurants, shops, theaters, businesses, and factories. The Board of Health has begun to regulate hours in order to reduce crowds. Doctors say that smaller crowds of people reduce the chance of the disease being spread. New Yorkers wont be stuck in large crowds of people which may or may not contain mad people. A few Board of Health officials anonymously and jokingly point out that for the first time in modern ages, New Yorkers will enjoy serenity and space when they go into the city. Even when sick people are out and about , smaller crowds will reduce the number of people exposed to the germs. New York remains a large, crowded city sluice with the restrictions, but Board of Health officials assert that even a small reduction in the number of people will lend to the fight against influenza. City officials are also monitoring travelers, keeping the sick off of trains, buses, and subways.

Influenza in New York City :: Journalism Media Studies Influenza Health Essays

influenza in late York CityNEW YORK--The Influenza epidemic arrived in the city last month, and it has remained a constant presence since then. The epidemic, which is instanter present in most major cities in America, lingers in and around the city, affecting everyone. Dr. Copeland, Health Commissioner Royal, has declared influenza to be a reportable disease. Influenza presents itself in a manner non unlike a cold runny nose, chills, fever, coughing, sneezing. Influenza is a stronger version of the cold, as it can lead to thorough pain and congestion, and, as we have seen, it can often result in death. Because influenza is so much like the cold, doctors urge all New Yorkers to shady and prepare for influenza first when these symptoms arise. For their part, city officials have outlawed sneezing, coughing, and spitting in public. Doctors imagine the disease is spread through expelled mucus and saliva. It is expected that the juvenile municipal codes will help to slow the spread of the disease. While the precautions strike many as odd and unnecessary, doctors insist that being more careful rough our fluids will end the epidemic in the city sooner rather than later. Transgressors, along with receiving the disdain of the public, will be fined arrested and fined. Doctors and City officials alike insist that everyone assemble to contain this disease. City-dwellers will also notice new opening and closing times for bars, restaurants, shops, theaters, businesses, and factories. The Board of Health has begun to regulate hours in order to reduce crowds. Doctors say that smaller crowds of deal reduce the chance of the disease being spread. New Yorkers wont be stuck in large crowds of people which may or may not contain sick people. A few Board of Health officials anonymously and jokingly point out that for the first time in modern ages, New Yorkers will enjoy serenity and space when they go into the city. Even when sick people are out and about, sm aller crowds will reduce the number of people exposed to the germs. New York remains a large, crowded city even with the restrictions, but Board of Health officials assert that even a small simplification in the number of people will lend to the fight against influenza. City officials are also monitoring travelers, keeping the sick off of trains, buses, and subways.

My Role Model

MY ROLE MODEL Almost every iodine has a case model in their life. They could be a parent, a friend, a teacher, or a sports hero. They could be the D. A. R. E officer who works in your school. He could be someone you read about in a book. A role model is hard to define, because it can be different for everyone. Who your role model is depends as much on you as it does on the person you admire. Often, it is someone you would like to be like when you get older, or someone who does something you find hard to do. They might be somebody who performs outstanding pop the question work.They might be a community leader. They might be your mentor. Maybe they are generous and kind. Maybe they performed an extraordinary feat or accomplishment. They might be someone in your neighborhood, or someone in another country. Typically, a role model is brave, smart, strong, kind, thoughtful and fun. Not that every role model is perfect. Unless it is someone out of a storybook, role models are people who might be outstanding in only one or two areas. Or perhaps it is someone who is far less than perfect, but is working to improve himself or herself.I personally believe that a good role model should have sealed qualities, and he should * Have a good personality * Be humble * Be respectable * Be ambitious When we had to choose a role model, one name appeared clearly in my head. I didnt see, and couldnt see, anyone else but Gandhi. Indeed, in my opinion, its this man who gives meaning to the expression, role model. I dont think theres a more charismatic role model in history. Indeed, he accomplished such important and brave things that he must be one of the most well-known heroes in the world.Gandhi was natural in India in 1869 during the period of colonies. He lived under the English occupation and, as a consequence, suffered from oppression and the authority of colonists. However, what disturbed him the most was the fact that his country, or rather his nation, couldnt make decis ions by itself anymore and hope to evolve and grow. Gandhi, who was lucky to have been educated, was the first man in this painful period who dared to refuse the British authority using pacifist methods. Indeed, boycotts and other peaceful ways like hunger strikes enabled India to get its independence from the United Kingdom.As far as I am concerned, Gandhi is really an exemplary man. I feel that Gandhi was a positive role model in society because he enabled India to get its independence, but his influence didnt spare at this moment. his ideas of independence kept on living beyond the borders and reached all the other colonized countries. His influence was such that many nations took their independence just by and by India did. Thanks to him, all of those people were able to hope again and, in my opinion, its one of the qualities that the definition of a role model requires.If we followed his example in life, we would cave in killing each other and, instead, discuss and resolve p roblems together without useless violence. It may take a long time, but I think its expense trying. All of this shows that Gandhi is actually someone who can be considered as a role model. He was both brave and intelligent. Indeed, not only was he stalwart because he defied the authorities, but he was also talented because he didnt use physical strength to get what he wished. All in all, for my part, Gandhi must be considered as one of the most important personalities history has ever known. I think he deserves to have this status

Algurashi Company

Designing and Planning are two factors that exist before a project comes into operation. Since the two processes are subject to the object we design or plan, it is clear that the specific guidelines may vary in reality. For example, people who intend to pass water a bridge might have different tools and requirement consequently ones who intend to build a theatre. Hence, in spin management, the requirement for tendering a project is different from others. There are many particular products in social structure management such as roads, offices, apartments, hotels, factories, and houses.Meanwhile, the activities in the industry involve mental synthesis a completely new structure or merely modifications of existing ones. Concerning the construction business, this paper will discuss about the application of a concept to the start-up of a construction and/or real estate development fellowship. This paper acts as a preliminary proposal for starting new construction company, named Algu rashi federation. 2. Segment(s) of construction industry The development of economy has increased the demands for many kinds of buildings to fulfill retail and collective customers.However, in general, there are three major segments in construction business they are general contractors or building contractors that build various kinds of building such as industrial, residential/ substructures, and commercial buildings (U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005). Second type of contractors is civil engineering contractors. They duty involves the development and build of bridges, roads, sewers, and highways, to name a few. The Third type is special trade contractors.This contractor conducts activities that occurs during the construction activities such as electrical set up and installation, plumbing, painting etc. (U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005). Concerning type of contractors, Algurashi Company is a construction company that acts as a general contractor peculiarly dowery the residential/homes buildings. The reason of this choice is because the number of residential building grows at faster rate than commercial buildings and customers may change or perform home renovation some(prenominal) times to fulfill their needs. 3. Phases of the development processThe most interesting part in conducting residential construction industry is the products are heavily customized and and then it will give Algurashi Company many experience of dealing with different kind of customers and home designs. Therefore, Algurashi Company will be a general contractor that both design and build residential buildings. However, in the first step, Algurashi Company will focus on building residential building and works with several home designers (architects). At the next stage, the company may obtain some qualified architects to join the company to provide or more complete serve to customers.Since greater revenue comes from providing servi ces to customers/home owners, at later stage, when Algurashi Company has developed housing that composes of teens or hundreds houses or apartments, the company may become the belongings management as well that provides the company with monthly revenue. However, during the development process, Algurashi Company must carefully take their steps in developing their business especially concerning the financing scheme to fund the companys operation. Another challenging step for start-ups is to gather a sum of money to fund their operational represent as well as the capital expenditure.If entrepreneurs develop start-ups with valuable experience in conducting business in other firm, it is just the matter of creating a intelligent business proposal to attract investors. There are various source of funding available for start-ups such as personal redeeming(a), family members, banks loan, and venture capitalists. Personal saving is the least risky way since it does not provide any interest . While venture capitalist is a professional investors who may be in agitate of a large pool of capital gathered from a range of sources (Isidro, 2004). 4. Type of company formationSince construction business requires a huge amount of money, Algurashi Company would be better to set up join ventures with other company. By definition, joint venture is a contractual agreement between two or more companies to form a new company aims at executing a particular business undertaking. In this business model, all signed parties rate to share in the profits and losses of the company (WebFinance, 2005). There are at least three benefits of forming a joint venture as a way to expanding business and grab new opportunities as following? Providing the new company (joint venture) with opportunity to grab new capacity and expertise ? Allowing the new company to explore business opportunities in new geographic market or obtain new technological knowledge ? Offering the new company with fanciful wa ys of doing business out of core competence (Kotelnikov, 2001) 5. Organization chart/duties Following figure is the organization structure for the Algurashi Company. This proposed organization takes into account strengths and benefits of possible joint venture in the future in order to perform well in the new company. ReferenceIsidro, Isabel M. (2003). How to Raise Money to Start a Business. PowerHomeBiz. com. Retrieved kinsfolk 28, 2007 from http//www. powerhomebiz. com/vol8/HowtoRaise. htm Kotelnikov, Vadim. (2001). Joint Ventures (JVs). Retrieved September 28, 2007 from http//www. 1000ventures. com/business_guide/jv_main. html U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2005). Construction. Retrieved September 28, 2007 from http//www. bls. gov/oco/cg/cgs003. htm WebFinance. (2005). Joint Venture. Retrieved September 28, 2007 from http//www. investorwords. com/2671/joint_venture. html

Criminal Justice Essay

Herbert Packer a professor from Stanford University came up with two perplexs of how the sad justice system works. The two models that Herbert Packer had came up with is the law-breaking control model and due process model.The horror control model is based on conservative values such as vulturine nail down, prosecution and conviction of criminals and makes the system more streamlined and safer for people. The due process control is basically cling toing an individuals rights whether theyre accuse and to protect the innocent people from conviction.According to the article , neither models should be used because some(prenominal) the crime control and due process model affirm both significant strengths and weaknesses. For example, one weakness of a due process model is it only protects the accused individual rights and not the victim. Also the articles claims that both appear to have potential pitfalls and dangers that could threaten both safety and security and the individual freedoms that have made the United States a beacon of stability and freedom throughout the homo. The article in like manner states that crime control model is too rasping plot of land the due process model is just soft on the accused individuals. While the crime control model is aggressive arrest and it could be trouble if the police officers arrest the innocent by accident and during the aggressive arrest it may hurt the victims also.This shows that neither models should be used due to all the reasons above.Herbert Packer feels that both methods should be combined to prevent weaknesses in the model while gaining more strengths and less dangers to the society. Also Herbert Packer feels that if the models were combined, itll be the best strategy to deal with crimes days in the future. With the criminal control model being jolty and the due process being more soft on the accused, they would make a great team which adjusting the levels to just right not too harsh or too easy. The se reasons above states why Herbert Packer feels that both models or methods should be combined.Based on all the facts given to me, I would prefer the crime control model because crime control model could actually prevent more crimes while the due process model would increase the amount of crimes a year. Also the crime control model enforces the law while the due process model doesnt. I would prefer the crime control model also because its better to be safe than sorry and increases the social assemble in that certain area. Since the due process model is too easy on the criminal, there may be a chance that the individual would commit another crime and in society it is grievous to maintain social order or there would be chaos.I also think that if the crime control model is including traffic stops ,wiretapping and surveillance , itll still protect the victim and the criminal somehow.The crime control model is necessary to make a free society. With the crime control model, the crimina l justice system should be more efficient than ever. The crime control model increases the police powers which make the criminal afraid of committing any more crimes. This is shows why I prefer the crime control model over the due process model. Herbert Packer a professor from Stanford University came up with two models of how the criminal justice system works. The two models that Herbert Packer had came up with is the crime control model and due process model. In conclusion, there are many strengths and weaknesses among the models but still the crime control method is more important in order to prevent crimes from increasing.

Causes and Effects of Homelessness Essay

Homelessness is spirit without a home, be it on the streets or in shelters. There argon many causes for pot suitable homeless, and the combination of factors that lead to homelessness atomic number 18 different for every individual. Some of the factors that contri furthere to homelessness for youth, single adults, and families be poverty, domestic violence, substance profane and mental affection, limited assistance services, and soulal choice. The personal effects be to a fault varied and can pertain to communities, mountaininesses, other people and the homeless themselves. Some of the effects of homelessness are health, personal, families, abuse, and the society. Although there are many reasons why people become homeless, this paper will scarce include the top five causes. Poverty is the bend one leading cause of people becoming homeless, according to the field of study compression for the Homeless. Poverty is best known as that state of being poor. When people lack i ncome to meet all of their needs, they are forced to choose between housing, utilities, transportation, childcare, healthcare, and food.Nationally, homeless who brace been surveyed by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, high proportions of homeless individuals were found to be employed. However, wages are often not sufficient to ensure housing stability and many people do not have jobs that provide living wages, health insurance, or high job security. Roughly half of homeless adults have incomes of less than $300 per month, (National Coalition for the Homeless). A lack of educational opportunities limits regain to living-wage jobs and contributes to poverty. Another issue related to poverty is high cost and shortage of housing. It is difficult, if not impossible, for low-income individuals and families to find affordable housing. Its no wonder with the limited graduated table of housing assistance programs, and other services of aid. With growing poverty levels and more than people b ecoming homeless, public assistance services are unable to take up with the demand. Public assistance can be described as government aid (publicly funded) or privately funded agencies (churches, and/or other charities) to needy, aged, or modify persons and to dependent children.Assistance programs do exist, but many have regulations and requirements that many people dont qualify for. There are also the issues of postponement lists that might be as long as six months or a year. Shelters are available, but may have limited space and are only temporary (usually measured by weeks, several(prenominal) only lasting two weeks). Even with the programs out there, most dont have enough funding for prevention of homeless. Whether people are abused, mentally ill, or have disabilities, assistance is becoming more scarce and strict including health care necessities. firearm homeless people harp of mentally ill people and addicts, this only restores up a small portion of the entire homeless population. Mentally illness is foreseen as various psychiatric conditions, usually characterized by impairment of an individuals normal cognitive, aroused, or behavioral functioning, and caused by physiological or psychosocial factors.Addicts consist of alcohol and drug users/abusers, which are considered of having habits of consuming either or both. According the U.S. Conference of Mayors (2005), about 16% of single adults are mentally ill homeless, and addicts make up less than this (addicts are more complex). It is difficult for either (mentally ill or addicts) to keep a job and often have trouble determination housing and treatment. Both, mentally ill and addicts, have a hard time finding services when living on the streets, thereby creating a cycle of homelessness and habituation from which its almost impossible to escape. Other homeless who need escape are the people of domestic violence. Domestic violence will consist of women and/or children whom are or have been physic ally, mentally, and/or emotionally abused (battered). Nationally, studies indicate that up to half of homeless women with children have experienced domestic violence, including children who are homeless. With detail shelters available for battered women, more women are fleeing their abusers, thus creating more homeless.Children, too, run a delegacy because of being battered and end up homeless. Children often encounter more abuse while on the streets to acquire food, shelter or clothing. Both, battered women and children are often forced with choosing between being abused or becoming homeless From interviews that I have conducted over the years,there are still homeless people that just choose to become/stay homeless. I interviewed a homeless veteran back in 2009 whose name is Jim, and again in 2011. Jim informed me that he became homeless shortly after the Vietnam War because he chose to. He didnt have family waiting for him, and had no desire of getting a job after serving his cou ntry. After being homeless for more than 15 years, he states that it is easier. He doesnt have the hardships of paying bills such as rent, utilities, insurance, car fuel, and other bills. He also doesnt have the responsibilities of caring for dependents, but living only for himself.Because of this advantage, he is able to survive on very little money. Jim says that I focus on only the basics of food and hygienics. With charities providing free food, soup kitchens, camping equipment, clothing and restroom facilities (including showers), Jim is able to survive without much begging. He claims that being homeless gives me freedom because he alive(p)s for the today and only planning for tomorrow. Though hard at times, simplicity can be blissful. Homelessness has a huge effect on an individuals physical and emotional health. Homeless men and women suffer from colds that they cannot get rid of because they have no access to medicine. They suffer from vitamin deficiencies and often dont get adequate sleep. video to the elements and unsanitary living conditions can lead to frostbite, leg ulcers and upper respiratory infections. Serious illnesses like HIV/AIDS, diabetes and tuberculosis are more common in homeless people than among the general population.They also are more at risk for dependency on drugs and alcohol. Homeless individuals have no housing to treasure them from physical violence and even rape. At the time when a homeless person realizes that he/she wont have a roof to live under, it is hard for them to believe. It is this fact of not dealing with reality that makes homeless people less able to take actions, but they suffer psychologically as a result. Being without a home takes a terrible toll on children as well. Homeless children have higher rates of ear infections, stomach problems and asthma than other children their age. These children are also more likely to be depressed, anxious, or withdrawn, and have more difficulty in school than their peers. H omelessness tears families apart because some shelters wont take boys and others wont accept children. A mother may have to watch helplessly as her children are taken from her and placed with relatives or in foster care,which highly affects the children.These can lead to emotional breakdowns that lead them to become institutionalized or they can begin to machinate behavioral problems that land them in front of a judge. There is also the economic impact that homelessness has on society. Operating and maintaining homeless support services programs are costly ventures. The funding for these programs comes in the form of taxpayer dollars and private donations. Yet, most of these programs are generally unfunded, which means that only the most basic of services can be offered. This in turn means that many homeless are forced to seek alternate methods of getting their basic needs met. Subsequently, those homeless who cannot find custom will turn to recycling or panhandling as a means of putting money in their pockets. As the numbers of homeless who dig through with(predicate) garbage cans and dumpsters in search of recyclable items and as the number of homeless who panhandle increases there are the inevitable complaints to the communitys government to do something about the homeless.This usually causes the city to adopt stricter laws concerning and in some instances, prohibiting these activities. Then, because of the need to enforce these ordinances, local law enforcement must be on the look-out for violators. For those homeless who are caught, the officer must then take the time to stop, check the persons ID, and write the person a ticket. Which costs more money, because then it has to go through the local court system. Paperwork has to be filled out, court appearances must be set, and for those homeless who either dont pay the fine or show up in court, additional paper work is created. If a warrant is issued, then the next time the person is caught, there is a fortuity that they will be given a trip to the local jail at taxpayers expense, of course which means more paperwork.There is also an environmental impact that homelessness has on a society. Since most communities do not have anywhere near the amount of supportive resources needed for the numbers of homeless in their areas, the homeless will be forced to find alternate places to live and sleep. In more urbanized areas, this could be in the doorways of businesses after closing hours, john buildings, public benches, bus shelters, building hallways and the like. In other, less urbanized communities, the homeless may seek shelter in green belt areas. Since every person has a need to heed the call of nature, and because many businesses deny the homeless the use of bathroom facilities,the homeless are forced to use whatever snug location they may find to tend to those needs. The cost of clean-up, once again comes out of taxpayer dollars.Since the 1940s, the issue of homelessness ha s remained a growing concern within the U.S. Factors contributing to the problems are varied and deep-set within the make-up of our economy, and affect the economy as a whole. Not all homeless people chose to live in the streets or shelters. If a person believes this, then their perceptions are ignorant and unaware. Whatever the causes of an individuals homeless, the consequences can be brutal. There is no one cause of homelessness and as a result there is no one solution. The solutions needed to eliminate homelessness are the same ones needed to prevent its occurrence. An understanding of the population and the causes of homelessness provides the background necessary to begin developing a strategy to end homelessness.ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHYAbout the Homeless Snapshot of homelessness. National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2011. Web. 2011 October 3.www.endhomelessness.org/section/about_homelessness/snapshot_of_homelessnessOn this web page, I accessed several inner links to gain addi tional randomness for more specifications. The National Alliance to End Homelessness gives lots of details pertaining to homelessness. There are statistics, characteristics and reasons of homelessness. This come in focuses on educating people about homeless and offers homeless people resources. It gives common geographical areas of homeless, the types of people who are homeless, how often people become homeless and the reoccurrences. The National Alliance to End Homelessness is a non-profit organization committed to preventing and ending homelessness with updated and current information. This source helps emphasize the causes of my papers main topic, and reinforces the effects of homelessness based on facts.Jim. Personal interview. May 2009.Jim was a homeless veteran at the time of interview and has been homeless for more than 15 years. He was actually part of a camp community, consisting of seven other homeless people. I intercourseed with several of them, but he is the one with the most to say. This interview is about some people choosingto be homeless for no particular reason, other than it being easier. Jim talked about when he became homeless shortly after the Vietnam War. He hadnt had family before the war, and didnt have anyone/anywhere to turn to afterward. Society didnt offer much support and government didnt offer any help. So he became homeless. Now, its his way of life and he has no desire to change it. He has adapted to being homeless and finds that its easier (the others agreeing that its an easier way of life).Jim is still homeless as of August 2011, when I ran into him this summer. He mentioned that as a veteran and Obamas help with veteran services, he now receives some assistance (food, cash, and METRO bus tickets for transportation). Even with new veterans laws passed to help homeless veterans, he remains homeless and claims to be too old to go back to work. This information supports my theory on some people choosing to be and stay homele ss. USHUD 2010 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS and STATISTICS. National Coalition for the Homeless, 2011 June 20. Web. 2011 October 1. www.nationalhomeless.orgWhy Are People Homeless? National Coalition for the Homeless, July 2009. Web.2011 October 1. www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/why.html The National Coalition for the Homeless gives statistics and information about homeless people. Both web sites talk about what types of people become homeless and reasons why they become homeless. The main reasons described in detail pertain to poverty and housing statistics, but also give some examples of other factors. Information also includes characteristics of homeless persons. The information provided is factual and is as accurate as can be expected (homelessness cannot be known precisely). The National Coalition for the Homeless is a national network that is working toward ending homelessness with current and updated information. The organization consists of many services that all debate for the rights of homeless people and report to congress. These sources give factual information about the causes and effects of homeless people, and support the topic of my paper.

The Stinson Shipping Company

I think the Systems Theory Model is the most applicable in determining and explaining how everything went wrong at the Stinson Shipping Compevery. To begin with, the environment was extremely hectic. Tom Murphy was under considerable pressure to deliver the goods on time amidst the increase in line of reasoning over the past three months. I think that it is quite possible that his supervisors had a Git-R-Done philosophy and Tom felt he had to adopt the same brain to be a success in the position.There may restrain been some training issues as well because Tom should have known that the change integrity of caustic lye and Hydraulic facile would be dangerous instead he was more concerned about weather the fork lift could lift the load. some(prenominal) problems needed to be considered because it was really the combination of the dickens that caused the disaster. The Hydraulic fluid leaking caused the fork lift to fail which in turn caused the pallets to fall resulting in the cau stic lye mixing with the Hydraulic fluid.There was really a failure to communicate on all ends. The equipment Manager, Mike Morello, jury rigged the fork lift and was no where to be seen. I would think at the least they all would have been observers making sure to spot for anything that could go wrong. When Bill Jefferson, noted drops of hydraulic fluid on the dock floor, he should have stopped and walked over to Tom instead of just waiving at him. The interaction of people machine and environment was grand but their was a breakdown.Even though information was collected, I dont think the risks were really weighed out. I think the risk they were most broken about was should they risk holding up the shipment? Ultimately, he decision that Tom made was wrong, but still the accident could have been avoided had Mike stood his ground, The two of them supervised the loading, had Bill done a better job of communicating. Now Bill is covered with the chemical and being rushed to the hospital . This visit should have and could have been avoided.An investigation into the accident would help HR professionals to communicate the breakdown to management and enable them to set and enforce policy to prevent this from happening again in the future. Advanced training in Chemical reactions for all dock loaders and supervisors is important as well. When a company has the motto Safety First than safety trumps any other pressure or work related task. If this is mode of operande than the employees feel secure in making the right decision without the fear of vengeance from management.

Come a-knocking on Death’s door Essay

The Ode is used as a poetic form for philosophical contemplation. Compare two odes by Keats in the fallible of this observation How much do you agree with the statement canful Keats was unfortunate in his upbringing to some extent? On one hand on that point was a chance for a budding surgeon but he gave that away to his literary awakening which drew him to write odes such as the ones I am going to analyse.Personally, learning about his life prior to literature, I feel that the situations he dealt with, at such a young age were noteworthy but perhaps had he not faced those decisions, he wouldnt have come to write such poetry brimming full with philosophical contemplation. John Keats was born on the October 31st, 1795 in Finsbury Pavement, near the centre of London. He learnt to deal with death from an early age as his father died in an casualty when he was only eight days old. Seventeen years later in 1810, his mother died due to consumption, leaving John in the care of his gran dmother.Subsequently, below the care of guardians he remaining school to become an apprentice to a surgeon. Unfortunately, before the completion of his apprenticeship, John had a quarrel with his master and therefore left to pursue a stronger path in literature, deftly in the company of his good friend Cowden Clarke. Three years of receiving scarce and negative feedback on his sonnets and poems, John was once again in the presence of a dying man this time it was his brother. Tom Keats was also taken by consumption in 1818.though by this time, distinct signs had begun to show in the decent of Keatss own health. Keats himself was fighting illness and death in his latter years. Despite the fact of his deteriorating wellbeing, Keats keep to delve deeper into love and time. His mental understanding of what lies beyond was perhaps something that I could never even begin to contemplate. His dying wish was to have the words present lies one whose name was writ in water, on his graveston e when he died on 23rd February, 1821.Writing his most famous odes in his dying years was a sign of great character I think that being able to face such a prospect of dying young, his mind grow faster than that of others. Increasingly throughout the odes, I can see that John has indeed spent many thought provoking sessions in front of the artifact he describes. He sees, he feels, he waits and then he writes. The form of poetry which Keats was most celebrated for was the Ode. This style of elaborate and stately lyric poem was lengthened or shortened at the whim of the poet.However, the basic arrangement of the stanzas was patterned in sets of three a strophe and an antistrophe, of which both had an identical metrical scheme, and an epode, which had a structure of its own. Dating back to the Greek choral songs, the ode has appeared in many centuries over the world. Roman poets such as Catullus took the form of poetry to their own meaning. The ode was loosely used to express strong emotions that flooded the poets mind at the time, the poet would be transfixed onto the idea and he would try to convey his meaning through the literary form.

Growth of Fmcg Products in Rural Market

Certificate This is to certify that Ms. Vrushali Awachar of IBS Nagpur has submitted her make-up titled, proceeds of FMCG products in awkward securities industry for the course 2009-2010 in circumstancesial fulfillment of the requirement for the comp allowion of functional domain at the fore roughly semester of MBA programme. Place Date _ Preface As part of course in MBA for the first semester, we be arse around to shake off a report based on bena analysis which I am presenting is on Growth of FMCG products in untaught securities industry.This opportunity completelyows the students to write up the real seam environment and a consequent report further swear outs in improving on the communication and presentation aspects which atomic number 18 highly essential to be inculcated amongst counsel students. This practical training at MBA programme develops a feeling about the difficulties and ch sum tallylyenges in the business world. Only theory kat onceledge does n on impart complete education. To fulfill these objectives these reports play an essential part in MBA programme.In this direction, I drive home tried my level best to analyze the various(a) breeding obtained and make up presented in a logical and understandable format. Ack straightledgement I forward gratitude to respected dean Sir of our Institute. I am heartily thankful to the management for providing me the opportunity to make a study of practical training in their organization. I express my sincere convey to the ply of the unit who have tending(p) all over us all the information and who guided us. I am equalwise thankful to Prof. Upal Sinha and Dr.Sarita Modak with whose help the study was conducted and made possible they standd full guidance, cooperation and valuable suggestion about the Report. I am thankful to my college friends and all those who have helped me directly or indirectly in the preparation of this report. With thanks Place Nagpur Date twenty-eighth/0 8/2009 Yours Sincerely, Vrushali Awachar 09BS0000502 Contents of the Report Table of Contents Certificate Preface Ac intimacyment 1. Abstract Growth of FMCG products in hobnailed Market P. Balakrishna 2. Introduction Sales zoomed from 35,000 sachets to 12 lakhs.Initially they took any sachet provided now they ar restricted to Chik sachets. Now at present, hobnailed mart is one of the best opportunity and foc utilize sector for the major(ip) FMCG companies in India. Each and every smart set is set to invest a spacious groovy for contestation in countrified commercialise. match to the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, the number of campestral households using FMCG products has grown from 136 million in 2004 to 143 million in 2007,a clear indication that call forthing(prenominal) consumers argon shifting from commodities to mark products.urban consumers on the other hand could go slowly on FMCG expenses, thanks for inflation spiral, rise in fuel cos t and costlier credit. Evidence suggest that for the first clock, that the hobnailed market has grown hot than the urban market in key product categories in April-May 2008, the latest months for which such information is available, according to market research firm NC Nielson. Market and Indian companies, in India. * To study the challenges confront by countrified vendors in India. * To study the reasons of popularity of agrarian markets in India. 5. Need of the study To determine the aim of FMCG products in agrestic India.Know about the different cho trash of countryfied consumers. boorish and Urban electric potential _(table 1. rural and urban population)_ _( root Statistical Outline of India (2001-2002) NCAER_ According to a study by Chennai-based Francis Kanoi Marketing cookery 7. Growth Prospects With the presence of 12. 2% of the world population in the villages of India, the Indian rural FMCG market is something no one can overlook. Increased focus on farm sect or will boost rural incomes, hence providing better gain prospects to the FMCG companies. Better infrastructure facilities will improve their supply fibril.FMCG sector is also likely to benefit from process demand in the market. Because of the low per capita consumption for al or so all the products in the country, FMCG companies have immense possibilities for growth. And if the companies be able to sort the mindset of the consumers, i. e. if they atomic number 18 able to find out the consumers to leaf blade products and offer new generation products, they would be able to generate higher growth in the burn down future. It is expected that the rural income will rise in 2007, boosting buy power in the countryside. However, the demand in urban argonas would be the key growth driver over the long term.Also, increase in the urban population, along with increase in income levels and the approachability of new categories, would help the urban areas maintain their position in terms of consumption. At present, urban India accounts for 66% of check FMCG consumption, with rural India accounting for the remaining 34%. However, rural India accounts for more than 40% consumption in major FMCG categories such as face-to-face apportion, fabric care, and bouncy beverages. In urban areas, home and individualized care socio-economic class, including skin care, household care and femi baseball club hygiene, will keep growing at relatively attractive rates.Within the foods component, it is estimated that processed foods, bakery, and dairy are long-term growth categories in both rural and urban areas. Indian Competitiveness and Comparison with the existence Markets The sideline factors make India a competitive player in FMCG sector Availability of raw materials Because of the diverse agro-climatic conditions in India, there is a handsome raw material base suitable for food processing industries. India is the largest manufacturing business of livestock, mil k, sugarcane, coconut, spices and cashew and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat and harvestings &vegetables.India also produces caustic soda and soda ash, which are indispensable for the production of soaps and detergents. The availability of these raw materials gives India the location advantage. Labor cost comparison arrive wander (Fig. 2 Labor cost comparison) (Source www. equitymaster. com _ _Low cost labor gives India a competitive advantage. Indias labor cost is amongst the lowest in the world, subsequently China & Indonesia. Low labor cost give the advantage of low cost of production. some(prenominal) MNCs have established their plants in India to out artificial lake for domestic and export markets. Presence crosswise value chainIndian companies have their presence across the value chain of FMCG sector, right from the supply of raw materials to encase goods in the food-processing sector. This brings India a more cost competitive advantage. For example, Amul s upplies milk as good as dairy products like cheese, thatter, etc. 8. Indian FMCG Sector The Indian FMCG sector is the quadrupletth largest in the economy and has a market size of US$13. 1 billion. Well-established distribution networks, as well as intense competition amidst the organized and unorganized segments are the characteristics of this sector.FMCG in India has a strong and competitive MNC presence across the entire value chain. It has been predicted that the FMCG market will present to US$ 33. 4 billion in 2015 from US $ billion 11. 6 in 2003. The middle class and the rural segments of the Indian population are the most promising market for FMCG, and give brand makers the opportunity to convert them to branded products. Most of the product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, shampoos, etc, in India, have low per capita consumption as well as low insight level, but the potential for growth is huge.The Indian Economy is surging ahead by leaps and bounds, keepin g footprint with rapid urbanization, increased literacy levels, and rising per capita income. The big firms are growing bigger and smooth-time companies are contractable up as well. According to the study conducted by AC Nielsen, 62 of the top 100 brands are owned by MNCs, and the balance by Indian companies. Fifteen companies own these 62 brands, and 27 of these are owned by Hindustan Lever. Pepsi is at number three followed by Thums Up. Britannia takes the fifth place, followed by Colgate (6), Nirma (7), Coca-Cola (8) and Parle (9).These are figures the mild drink and cigarette companies have always shied away from revealing. Personal care, cigarettes, and soft drinks are the three biggest categories in FMCG. Between them, they account for 35 of the top 100 brands. THE TOP 10 COMPANIES IN FMCG SECTOR (table 3 top 10 co. s) Source Naukrihub. com The companies mentioned in Exhibit I, are the leaders in their respective sectors. The personal care crime syndicate has the largest number of brands, i. e. , 21, inclusive of Lux, Lifebuoy, Fair and Lovely, Vicks, and Ponds. There are 11 HLL brands in the 21, aggregating Rs. ,799 crore or 54% of the personal care category. Cigarettes account for 17% of the top 100 FMCG gross revenue, and just below the personal care category. ITC alone accounts for 60% volume market dowry part and 70% by value of all filter cigarettes in India. The foods category in FMCG is gaining popularity with a swing of launches by HLL, ITC, Godrej, and others. This category has 18 major brands, aggregating Rs. 4,637 crore. Nestle and Amul slug it out in the powders segment. The food category has also seen innovations like softies in ice creams, chapattis by HLL, ready to eat rice by HLL and pizzas by both GCMMF and Godrej Pillsbury.This category seems to have turbulenter development than the stagnating personal care category. Amul, Indias largest foods company has a good presence in the food category with its ice-creams, curd, milk, but ter, cheese, and so on. Britannia also ranks in the top 100 FMCG brands, dominates the biscuits category and has launched a series of products at various charges. In the household care category (like mosquito repellents), Godrej and Reckitt are two players. Goodknight from Godrej is worth above Rs 217 crore, followed by Reckitts Mortein at Rs 149 crore.In the shampoo category, HLLs Clinic and Sunsilk make it to the top 100, although Ps Head and Shoulders and Pantene are also essay hard to be positioned on top. Clinic is nearly double the size of Sunsilk. Dabur is among the top five FMCG companies in India and is a herbal specialist. With a disturbance of Rs. 19 billion (approx. US$ 420 million) in 2005-2006, Dabur has brands like Dabur Amla, Dabur Chyawanprash, Vatika, Hajmola and Real. Asian Paints is enjoying a formidable presence in the Indian sub-continent, Southeast Asia, Far East, Middle East, South Pacific, Caribbean, Africa and Europe.Asian Paints is Indias largest paint company, with a turnover of Rs. 22. 6 billion (around USD 513 million). Forbes globular magazine, USA, ranked Asian Paints among the 200 Best Small Companies in the World Cadbury India is the market leader in the cho locoweedte confectionery market with a 70% market share and is ranked number two in the natural food drinks market. Its popular brands include Cadburys Dairy Milk, 5 Star, Eclairs, and Gems. The Rs. 15. 6 billion (USD 380 Million) Marico is a leading Indian separate in consumer products and services in the Global Beauty and Wellness space. 8. Outlook There is a huge growth potential for all the FMCG companies as the per capita consumption of almost all products in the country is amongst the lowest in the world. Again the demand or prospect could be increased further if these companies can change the consumers mindset and offer new generation products. Earlier, Indian consumers were using non-branded apparel, but today, clothes of different brands are available and th e same consumers are will to pay more for branded quality clothes. Its the quality, promotion and innovation of products, which can drive many sectors. . 2 Sector Outlook Threats 1. Removal of import restrictions resulting in replacing of domestic brands 2. Slowdown in rural demand Tax and regulatory structure The rural market may be alluring but it is not without its chores Low per capita disposable incomes that is half the urban disposable income large number of daily pursue earners, acute dependence on the vagaries of the monsoon seasonal consumption linked to harvests and festivals and special occasions poor roadstead power problems and inaccessibility to conventional advertise media.However, the rural consumer is not unlike his urban counterpart in many ways. The more daring MNCs are meeting the consequent challenges of availability, affordability, acceptableness and awareness (the so-called 4 As) The first challenge is to condition availability of the product or service. Indias 627,000 villages are spread over 3. 2 million sq km 700 million Indians may live in rural areas, finding them is not easy. However, given the poor state of roads, it is an blush greater challenge to egularly reach products to the far-flung villages. Any serious marketer must strive to reach at least 13,113 villages with a population of more than 5,000. Marketers must barter off the distribution cost with incremental market penetration. Over the years, Indias largest MNC, Hindustan Lever, a subsidiary of Unilever, has built a strong distribution system which helps its brands reach the interiors of the rural market. To service outside(a) village, stockists use autorickshaws, bullock-carts and even boats in the backwaters of Kerala.Coca-Cola, which considers rural India as a future growth driver, has evolved a hub and spoke distribution model to reach the villages. To ensure full loads, the company depot supplies, doubly a week, large distributors which who act as hubs. Thes e distributors agitate and supply, once a week, smaller distributors in adjoining areas. LG Electronics defines all cities and towns other than the seven metros cities as rural and semi-urban market. To tap these unexplored country markets, LG has set up 45 area offices and 59 rural/remote area offices. The second challenge is to ensure affordability of the product or service.With low disposable incomes, products need to be affordable to the rural consumer, most of whom are on daily wages. Some companies have addressed the affordability problem by introducing small unit packs. Godrej re pennyimely introduced three brands of Cinthol, Fair Glow and Godrej in 50-gm packs, priced at Rs 4-5 meant specifically for Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh the so-called Bimaru States. Hindustan Lever, among the first MNCs to realise the potential of Indias rural market, has launched a variant of its largest change soap brand, Lifebuoy at Rs 2 for 50 gm.The move is mainly targeted at the r ural market. Coca-Cola has addressed the affordability issue by introducing the revertible 200-ml glass bottle priced at Rs 5. The initiative has paid off Eighty per cent of new drinkers now come from the rural markets. Coca-Cola has also introduced Sunfill, a powdered soft-drink concentrate. The instant and ready-to-mix Sunfill is available in a single-serve sachet of 25 gm priced at Rs 2 and mutiserve sachet of 200 gm priced at Rs 15. The third challenge is to gain acceptability for the product or service.Therefore, there is a need to offer products that suit the rural market. One company which has reaped rich dividends by doing so is LG Electronics. In 1998, it developed a customized TV for the rural market and christened it Sampoorna. It was a runway hit interchange 100,000 sets in the very first year. Because of the lack of electricity and refrigerators in the rural areas, Coca-Cola provides low-cost ice boxes a tin box for new outlets and thermocol box for seasonal outlets. The insurance companies that have tailor-made products for the rural market have performed well. HDFC Standard LIFE topped private insurers by selling policies worth Rs 3. 5 crore in total premia. The company tied up with non-governmental organizations and offered reasonably-priced policies in the nature of group insurance covers. With large parts of rural India inaccessible to conventional advert media only 41 per cent rural households have access to TV building awareness is another challenge.Fortunately, however, the rural consumer has the same likes as the urban consumer movies and music and for both the urban and rural consumer, the family is the key unit of identity. However, the rural consumer expressions differ from his urban counterpart. Outing for the former is confined to local fairs and festivals and TV viewing is confined to the state-owned Doordarshan. Consumption of branded products is interact as a special treat or indulgence. Hindustan Lever relies heavily on its own company-organized media. These are promotional events organized by stockiest.Godrej Consumer Products, which is trying to push its soap brands into the interior areas, uses radio to reach the local people in their language. The key dilemma for MNCs eager to tap the large and fast-growing rural market is whether they can do so without hurting the companys profit brims. Mr. Carlo Donati, Chairman and Managing-Director, Nestle, while admitting that his companys product portfolio is essentially intentional for urban consumers, cautions companies from plunging headlong into the rural market as capturing rural consumers can be expensive. Any installation says Mr Donati, about rural India could be wrong and one should focus on high GDP growth areas, be it urban, semi-urban or rural. ISIC 5211 sell sales in non-specialized stores ISIC 5219 other retail sale in non-specialized stores ISIC 5220 retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in specialized stores ISIC 5231 retail sale of pharmaceutical and medical goods, cosmetic and sewerage articles ISIC 5251 retail sale via mail order houses ISIC 5252 retail sale via stalls and markets ISIC 5259 whole sale goodsprovider industries for FMCGs include 1511 meat and meat products, 1512 fish and fish products, 1513 fruit and vegetables, 1514 vegetable and animal oils and fats, 1520 dairy products, 1531 instill mill products, 1532 starches and starch products, 1533 animal feeds, 1541 bakery products, 1542 sugar, 1543 cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery, 1544 macaroni, noodles, couscous, 1549 other food products, 1551 spirits ethyl radical alcohol, 1552 wines, 1553 malt liquors and malt, 1554 soft drinks, mineral waters, clx0 tobacco products, 2101 pulp, paper and paperboard, 2102 corrugated paper, containers, 2109 other articles of paper and paperboard, 2424 soap and detergents, cleanup spot preparations, perfumes. 9. 1 Impulse to go sylvan 1. Large Population (_Source NCAER). _ 2. Rising Rural Prosperity twice as many lower middle income households in rural areas as in the urban areas. diffusion of people income-wise (Table 5. ) (SourceNCAER) against is Rs. 3,500 crores in rural India. 3. Growth in Market 4. Effectiveness of Communication 5. IT Penetration in Rural India Into rural India, the possibilities of change are becoming visible. 6. Impact of Globalization FMCG Products and Categories In recent years, rural markets of India have acquired significance, as the overall growth of the Indian economy has resulted into substantial increase in the purchasing power of the rural communities. On account of green revolution, the rural areas are consuming a large quantity of industrial and urban manufactured products. In this consideration, a special trade strategy, namely, rural marketing has emerged.Rural India with its traditional perception has grown over the years, not only in terms of income, but also in terms of thinking. The rural markets are growing at above two times faste r pace than urban markets not surprisingly, rural India accounts for 60% of the total national demand. Today, rural market occupies a larger part of our economy and it is expected to grow at least quaternion times the existing size. Another impart factor for rural push was growing saturation in urban markets. To be precise, rural marketing in Indian economy covers two broad sections 1. interchange of agricultural products in the urban areas 2. Selling of manufactured products in the rural regionsIn present situation, our huge population is helping marketers to think new marketing strategies. 630 Billion rural populations are greater than total consuming markets of many countries like Canada, South Korea, etc. Tapping the rural market is one of the most burning(prenominal) marketing strategies followed by various MNCs and Indian companies now-a-days. A number of companies in FMCG, consumer durables as well as telecom sector have adapted strategies to expand their base in rural ma rket. Among those who have already taken remarkable initiative in rural market are HLL, Colgate, LG Electronics, Philips, BSNL, LIC, Britannia and Hero Honda. Rural Marketing in simple word is planning and implementation of marketing function for rural areas.Rural marketing has been defined as the process of developing, pricing, promoting, distributing rural specific products and services leading to exchange between urban and rural markets which satisfies consumer demands and also achieves org. objective. Of the two million BSNL mobile connections, 50% are in small towns / villages. Of the six lakh villages, 5. 22 lakh have a Village Public Telephone (VPT). 42 million rural households are availing banking services in comparison to 27 million urban households. enthronisation in formal savings instruments 6. 6 millions households in rural and 6. 7 million in urban India. Large Population Approximately 75% of Indias population resides in around 6,38,365 villages of India spread over 3 2 lakh square kilometer. 41% of Indias middle class resides in rural areas.Higher Purchasing contentedness Purchasing power of rural people is on rise Market Growth Market is growing at a rate of 3-4% per annum. The journey of markets to the rural markets has indeed been one of surmounting one hurdle after another these include the 4 As Availability, Affordability, and Acceptance & Awareness adopting themselves to the rural atmosphere marketers. So, in the context of growth aspects of the Rural markets and their adoption and application by major MNCs and Indian companies, I want to take this Project as my Research Project so that I could go in to the in-depth study of the rural markets- their future scope, challenges etc. in the context of India Rural markets are future battlegrounds Icfai University Journal of Rural Management The very nature of economic activities of rural market extending the provision of quality access to financial solutions is full of life for the developme nt of people residing in rural areas. * Khan N. A. , Building Competitiveness in Small-Scale and Rural Industries in India Icfai University Journal of Rural Management The significance of competitiveness in the rural marketing was omit for a long time in India, but now it is being recognized. delimitateframe It is interesting to note that consumers will almost always buy exactly what they put on their obtain list.If they pull through down flour, they are going to buy flour. What do you think will happen if they spell Gold Medal Flour on their list? Getting the consumer to write your brand name on their shopping list almost guarantees they will buy your product instead of your competitors, but how do you get them to do that? The simple answer is continued brand advertising overtime. This helps cement your brand with consumers, but where do you advertise? Having your advertisements trail next to the online conventions that mention your product will legitimately build brand aware ness. curiously since the consumer is usually looking at related recipes while they are planning their trip to the grocery store.Of course, you could even take that whole concept a step further by providing the recipes on your website where you could also provide the shopping list for that recipe complete with your products brand name. Think of the possibilitiesSome consumers dont write their shopping list down or maybe their printer is out of ink. What would happen if they could get that branded recipe or shopping list sent right to their cell phone by netmail or sms text? How about a branded iPhone application that would allow the consumer to look up the recipe and download their shopping list right in the grocery store while they are trying to decide whats for dinner? The possibilities are endless once you start thinking outside the box of conventional advertising and meet the consumer right where they live.Technology is becoming more and more integrated with our lives and the consumer is using the internet and their cell phones to help them with just about everything including planning their meals and grocery shopping list. FMCG ( fast contemptible consumer goods ) is a great career opportunity for any professional worth his salt. The success in the sales and marketing division of any FMCG company will depend on great team work. The results are almost directly affinityate to the effort of the field personnel. As the classic saying goes in play the longer you stay in the middle the chances of scoring more runs is inevitable unless he is a boycott type of batsmen. Similarly the more the field work put in by the field staff the greater the results in terms of volume in general. The flip side is that the wholesale channel of distribution is highly unpredictable.They attract customers based on the simple premise that they sell it cheaper when compared to company recommended billing price to retailer. How does the wholesale sell cheap, by the virtue of the ir volume purchase they manage to get better discounts, which is in the beginning cash discount. If they get 2 percentage discount they pass on 11/2 percent to the retailer, which obviously explains the deep discount. Many a times some wholesaler go to the extent of selling even below the cost price, they discount the schemes and packing material cost, which is the precise deep discount which in whole parlance is also known as undercutting. Many company personnel are baffle by this phenomenon. drawframe Merchandising This aspect of sales promotion is ignored by most companies.But in todays modern trade context, special sales team is deployed to ensure Merchandising on the shelves. P & G always believe in merchandising their product at prominent and eye catching level. The company used to buy the shelf space for a stoppage of time by paying monthly rental to the shopkeeper. In this manner they established Gillette range against corpse competition from Malhotra blades. Many of th e Mega Malls bargain for higher rentals from companies for hiring out their shelf space. In fact some malls elate as much as rent as possible to cover all the overheads in running the establishment. Jo dikta hai woh bikta hai seems to be the philosophy of most street smart sales team. 13. 1 Rural FMCG sales run townsFMCG growth (in value terms) in rural markets has far outpaced the sectors growth in urban markets during the first nine months of the current financial year. Though rural markets are growing from a smaller base, the numbers are stark. In the case of chyavanprash, the whole of urban market has shrunk, while the rural market has grown as much as eight per cent. This is a new trend. Normally we do not see rural India dominating all categories, said an FMCG analyst. Successive good monsoons and a corresponding growth in farm income have raised the purchasing power of rural households. This, in turn, has fuelled FMCG sales growth in rural markets.Products that have seen si gnificant growth in rural markets include toothpaste, hair oils and shampoos. Shampoo sales in rural India, for instance, have gone up by 30. 8 per cent compared with just 11 per cent in urban areas. Kunal Motishaw, analyst, Equitymaster, pointed out, The rural hinterland is more attractive for FMCG companies compared with tier I and II cities as penetration levels are drastically lower for numerous products, unlike urban markets which are highly saturated. According to Dabur India CEO Sunil Duggal, while the figures may speak of value growth (because there has been no significant change in prices or the product mix in rural markets), in most cases these are also indications of a growth in volumes.HK Press, executive-director and president, Godrej Consumer Products, said as far as the companys products were concerned, the sales of soaps and hair colorise had grown substantially in rural markets in the October-December quarter. 13. 2 The five rupee FMCG lure drawframe The colas may have jettisoned the paanch strategy but a host of branded products are now realizing the importance of being present at the Rs 5 price point. Although brands such as Pepsodent, Maggi, Clinic Plus and Rin have been communicating, through ads, their availability at this price, the phenomenon isnt limited to any specific category products such as pens, razors, fruit drinks and adhesive tubes too are on the bandwagon, with the price prominently displayed on their packs.A HLL spokesman says the ready availability of the five-rupee coin has been an advantage but that isnt the only plus. The offerings mirror consumers buying behavior many consumers are not so concerned about grammage as much as price, he says. A relatively bigger pack, compared to the Re 1 and Rs 2 ones, also give consumers enough opportunities to try out the brand, says he, while declining to ca exploiterie about the impact on volumes and margins. Some of the brands that HLL sells for Rs 5 are Pepsodent, Ponds Talc, Pon ds Cold Cream, Rin, Taaza, Fair & Lovely, Clinic Plus and Lux. Mr K. Radhakrishnan, Vice-chairwoman, FoodWorld Supermarkets, sees growth in the user-base of brands that have introduced such packs. Category penetration is the aim.Coke and Pepsi have hugely succeeded in achieving this over the past year, though much of the gain was lost due to the pesticide issue. The consumer-base for soft drink increased from 160 million in 2002 to 240 million in 2004, a two-year design during which the Rs 5-price point remained in force. The Coca-Cola India President and CEO, Mr. Sanjiv Gupta, says The first half of this year has been good but growth has not been what it was in the same period last year. We continue to make bills on Rs 5 pricing but now the quantum of money I make per bottle is squeezed. And this squeeze, brought about by a two per cent cess and higher excitant costs, has forced cola companies to hike prices by a rupee each on 200 ml and 300 ml pack sizes.And though the colas n o longer sell for Rs 5, they have played a big role in sensitizing the consumer to the price-point, says marketing professional Ms Sangita Joshi, who reckons the Rs 5 packs to play an fundamental role in spurring impulse purchases as well as giving a brand the first-mover advantage in a competitive market. Adds Mr. R. Subramanian, Director of discount chain, Subhiksha The small packs will increase user base and usage occasion and can explode the market. He makes the point that its more likely that a customer will guzzle a soft drink three separate times when it costs Rs 5 or Rs 6 a bottle than have a single shot at 600 ml of the cola at Rs 15.According to industry observers, the price point will also help branded FMCG categories which are battling fakes from the unorganized sector. 14. Share of FMCG sector showing a receding trend in Television as well as Press over the past four years an AdEx India outline In the year 2003, the FMCG sector had a share of 27% in total print and TV advertising contributing 24760 million out of the total advertising of 90520 million. Share of FMCG in total advertising (TV Press) has shrunk by 11 percentage points in the past four years Share of FMCG advertising in TV has declined from 57. 6% to 48. 7%, while the same for press has come down from 12. % to 7. 9% during the four year period. The share has decreased considerably for major categories like aerated drinks and toilet soaps. It is common knowledge that the advertising pie for press and television has shown a steady increase over the past half a decade. However, the following chart presents certain facts that would be a revelation to instead a few of us. The proportion of ad spends by the FMCG sector has been consistently declining over the past four years. The contribution of FMCGs to total advertising has come down by 11 percentage points during the four-year period. drawframe (Fig. 6 contribution of FMCG) (Source Adex india)A similar trend was witnessed across both the media Television and Press. While the contribution of FMCG advertising to total TV spends has diminished from a healthy 57. 6% in 2001 to 48. 7% in 2004 (Till May 15th), the press component of FMCG industry has shrunk from 12. 2% in 2001 to 7. 9% in 2004. drawframe (Fig. 7 source adex india) drawframe (Fig. 8 source adex india) LOne crucial point to be noted is that although the total ad spends incurred by the FMCG sector have gone up, it has still not been able to match the pace with which the total pie has grown. One important reason for this is the ever increasing ad spends by new-economy sectors like services, lectronics and automotives, a phenomenon that we would study in detail in the forthcoming special newsletters from AdEx India drawframe (Fig. 9 source adex india) Now, let us have a closer look by splitting up the various categories at heart the FMCG sector. The category within the FMCG sector that has pulled down the total share the most has clearly been Food a nd beverages. The category that used to account for a chunk of TV & press advertising at 45. 5% in 2001 now accounts for 42. 6% while Others mentioned in the above chart has also gone down from 6. 7% in 2001 to 4. 1% now. This category of others consists of such advertisers as tobacco, liquor, OTC products, etc.The Personal care segment was also showing a receding trend from 2001 to 2003, but it has improved during the first five months of 2004, a trend which may well not continue till year-end. drawframe (Fig. 10 source adex india) Now, let us look at one major sub-category from each of the main FMCG categories F, Home care & Personal care. The following chart shows some of the traditional advertising heavyweights in the FMCG sector whose share has shrunk as a percentage of total spends over the past four years. The chart shown above throws up certain interesting numbers, especially in relation to aerated drinks advertising. While the popular perception would be that the cola gian ts have upped their spends in the recent years, the numbers suggest that their advertising has not grown as fast as some of the other advertisers.The Oral care segment comprising of advertisers like toothbrush, toothpaste, mouthwash, etc has also declined considerably from a proportion of 7. 6% in 2001 to 6. 1% in 2004 (up to May). Similarly, Toilet soaps and face wash advertisers also been contributing progressively lesser to the total advertising in recent times, with the proportion going down to a level of 7. 8% in 2003 as compared to 10% in 2001. Finally, to reiterate the main point, it is possible that total spends for a certain category might have gone up over the four year period. But a decreasing share in spite of increasing spends reflects the fact that the category hasnt grown as fast as some of the other heavy-spending categories.The forthcoming special newsletter from AdEx India would taste to throw some light on some of these booming categories. 15. Company experiences in Going Rural According to a study by the National Council for Applied Economic Research 16. Rural Vs Urban Consumers Challenges Conclusion After analyzing the various data I have reached to a conclusion that HULs products are most known and popular brand in context of home FMCG products in rural market followed by Dabur, ITC and P. Because of huge product line, cheaper cost and brand loyalty, good publicity and advertisement, the rural consumers generally prefers the products of HUL in all segments. Except it, people prefer for good quality and comparatively low price of products. testimonial The rural market is very large compared to urban market as well it is more thought-provoking market. The consumer wants those products which are long lasting, good, easy to use and cheaper. The income level of rural consumer is not as high as income level of urban consumers thats why they want low priced products. So, we can say that thats the reason why sell of sachet is more in rural are a in all segments. Its requirement for all major FMCG companies to provide those products which are easy to available and affordable to consumers. It is right that the profit margin is very low in FMCG products, but at the same time market size is quite larger in the rural area. The companies can reduce their prices by cutting down the cost on packing.Application of 4A* is also a major task for all the big players in this segment. 19. Bibliography For my Report on Growth of FMCG products in rural market I have referred to the following sites Websites (Search engines) www. assocham. org www. equitymaster. com www. exchange4media. com www. wikipedia. com www. business-standard. com www. thehindustanbusinessline. com www. economictimes. com www. google. com www. marketerstoday. com www. ncaer. com www. statisticaloutlineofindia. com 20. Declaration I, hereby give that the Report titled Growth of FMCG products in Rural market is original to the best of my knowledge & has not been pub lished elsewhere.This is for the purpose of partial fulfillment of Dehradun University for the award of degree of the Master of Business Administration. (Vrushali Awachar) En. No. 09BS0000502 initiatory Semester IBS, Nagpur 21. Annexure Rural and Urban potential (table 1. Rural and urban population) (Source Statistical Outline of India (2001-2002) NCAER drawframe (Fig. 2 Labor cost comparison) (Source www. equitymaster. com) THE TOP 10 COMPANIES IN FMCG SECTOR (table 3 top 10 co. s) Source Naukrihub. com (Table 4 % Distribution) (Source NCAER). Distribution of people income-wise (Table 5. ) (SourceNCAER) Contribution to press and ad drawframe Contribution to total ad drawframe drawframe

Small Island †Andrea Levy

teeny Island is a book written by Andrea Levy mainly based on race, War and diagonal in London in 1948, the story is explain through the point of view of 4 antithetical narrators including flashbacks into their pasts. One of the narrators is sarin, who appears the charming fool a Jamaican newlywed who served in the RAF during population War II, hopes for a prosperous future in London, though his experience of racial discrimination tells him this wont be achieved easily.This is shown when he is halt from sitting next to Queenie and Arthur by the usherette and afterward heated words between them and American soldiers it leads to the death of Arthur (183-193), as tumesce even after serving for England after he rejoins civilization he is still inured poorly His young wife, Hortense, is more naive.Arriving from Jamaica via the empire windrush, hoping to take up a teaching career, as well as trying to find her former flame Michael who left Jamaica to join the RAF after being caugh t having an social function so in a desperate need to continue her dream marries a Gilbert opinion life in England would be great even she is soon in despair over cruel rejections and her struggle to make herself understood, literally and figuratively, by white working-class neighbors who dont seem to comprehend the English she erudite in her home island.However towards the end she and Gilbert bond more and eventually take in Queenies featherbed Michael to raise as their own after she plans to leave Queenies house and settle down with Gilbert Queenie is a tough, level headed survivor, with a good heart. Brought up on a pig farm in Yorkshire, from an early age she grows to hate the smell of the pigs, the squalor and the blood. With dreams of escape, she finally gets her wish when her kindly Aunt sends the learn fare to London. Queenie is open-minded and hungry for new experience. She like Hortense goes to London with hope in her heart.Despite trying to come apart herself with elocution lessons, she can never quite shake her Yorkshire vowels. However an unexpected death forces her into the arms of the educated alone rather uninspiring Bernard as to keep her dream Queenie believes that her dreams are lost to her forever.After Bernard goes to war she is forced to looking for after Bernards Mentally ill father and during this she sleeps with Michael a black serviceman she invites to her house who impregnates her, and after Bernard doesnt return from the war she later invites a man she had earlier met Gilbert after he rescued her father in lawto stay at her house along with his wife who would be arriving as well as a few other lodgers. Queenie and Hortense initially clash however unsurprisingly due(p) to their similarity in life they eventually bond and become as close to friends as they could be which eventually ends in Queenie giving them the baby she had with Hortenses former companion Michael.However after Bernard returns he blatantly shows unhappines s as black civilians living at the house Did they have to be coloured however Queenie seems to be the only white soul in the book who doesnt judge a person based on the colour of their skin Bernard is the husband of Queenie Blighs bank clerk husband who seems to be quite stuck up and racist and he is shown to be the complete opposite of Queenie, his dad Arthur who served in World War 1 suffers from shellshock leaving him to not speak after meeting queenieBernard changes from being repressed and motionless to being quite lively and affectionate after marrying queenie whom he loves he reverts back to being his closed in(p) down self and leaves to go and join up with the army where he befriends a guy named maxi however after his death Bernard who seemed the gentle and nonviolent type he got in a fight, and cheated on Queenie with a seemingly under aged prostitute and got what he thought was a life backbreaking syphilis however It seems to be just a simple Flu.And after two years r emote he then goes to see Maxis Family and then eventually returns home to the shock of queenie and I was collapsed sitting on the pavement however Bernard simply replies Indeed when Queenie talks to him showing his boringness which Queenie seems to abhor The story starts with a flashback to the past when Queenie was a child. Levy starts with this is as it starts with a showing of the racism as queenie calls the British empire exhibition as Africa due to the black people there showing that racism was imprinted onto children at a young age as well go on queenie, osculate him, kiss him is as if the black man has some sort of disease so Emily is saying I hardihood you to do it

Leaders in the States’ Rights Debate Essay

thaumaturgy Caldwell Calhoun was born the 4th child, and tertiary son, of Patrick and Martha Calhoun on work on 18, 1782 in the backwoods of Abbeville, South Carolina. His father got really sick when he was in force(p) 17 years old. He was forced to quit school and work on the family farm. Eventually though with help from his brothers, he returned to school. He graduated with a degree from Yale College, Phi Beta Kappa, in 1804. afterwards analyze law at the Tapping Reeve Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut, he was admitted to the South Carolina bar in 1807. Calhoun married Floride Bonneau Calhoun, a first cousin once removed in January 1811.They had 16 children in 18 years. Three of the children died at birth. He settled his family in Pendleton, South Carolina, on a plantation that they named citadel Hill. He split his attention between his 3 loves politics, farming, and family. Although he did not have frequently, if any at all, charisma or charm, Calhoun was brilliant at public speaking and kept everything very organized, and after his alternative to Congress in 1808 he immediately became a leader of the war hawks. He became a soil Representative in 1808 and in 1811 was elected join States Representative until 1817.From there he served as secretary of War for hot seat Monroe until 1825. Things heated up in the early 1830s over federal tariffs Calhoun said that states could disallow federal laws, earning him the nickname of Arch Nullifier, and capital of Mississippi threatened to use the army if South Carolina forced the issue. Calhoun than resigned as Jacksons vice president, this was in 1832. He than became a U. S. senator, then briefly served as depository of State nether President Tyler from 1844-1849. Finally he served in the Senate again until his death in 1850. enthalpy ashes was born to the Reverend John and Elizabeth Hudson Clay on April 12, 1777.He was the 7th of 9 children for his regal parents. He was born and raised in a half f rame, 2 story house at the Clay homestead in Hanover County, Virginia. This was well above aver board home for a Virginia farmer of that time. His father, whom they called Sir John was a Baptist minister. He died four years after Henry was born. He left all the boys devil slaves each and gave his wife eighteen slaves and 464 acres of land. It was not long before she married Capt. Henry Watkins, who love his stepchildren like they were his own. Watkins packed up his family and moved them all to Richmond, Virginia.He and Elizabeth had seven children to add to the nine she had already her 1st husband John Clay. Henry soon was hired as a shop henchman in Richmond. His stepfather got Clay a guaranteed in the office of the Court of Chancery where he showed he had a good hand for the law. He made a friend by the name of George Wythe who had a sad hand. He hired Clay to be his secretary because of his neat handwriting. The chancellor decided Clay had a future and arranged a position for him with the Virginia attorney general Robert Brooke. Clay ended up in studies at the College of William and Mary in Virginia, studying under George Wythe.He received a formal sub judice teaching. Clay prepared for the bar, and was admitted in 1797. In 1803 Clay was elected to be the representative of Fayette County in the Kentucky frequent Assembly. Clays influence in Kentucky state politics was awesome enough that he elected by the Kentucky legislature into the Senate seat. He was elected the Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1807. Than in 1810, United States Senator Buckner Thruston resigned and Clay was again appointed to fill his seat. He was in favor of strong state rights and very much against slavery but did want to save the union. Hence The Missouri Compromise.Robert Young Hayne was born on a rice plantation in St. Pauls Parish, Colleton District, South Carolina on November 10, 1791. He analyse at the Law Office of Langdon Cheves in Charleston, South C arolina. He was a respected American attorney, political leader, and spokesman for the South. In November 1812 he was admitted to the bar. He soon had his own large practice. During the War of 1812 against Great Britain, he was captain in the Third South Carolina Regiment. But that did not last very long. He was also a extremity of the South Carolina state legislature from 1814 to 1818. He served as Speaker of the House in the later(prenominal) year.He was the South Carolina attorney-general from 1818 to 1822. Than in 1823 was elected to the United States Senate. He was a Democrat. His first wife, Frances Henrietta Pinckney, passed away in 1820. After that he married Rebecca Brewton Alston, daughter of William Alston. Her father gave her a lot on lower King Street. Haynes build them a house on that lot. It remained in the family until 1863. Haynes is best remembered for his debate with Daniel Webster, where he set forth a doctrine of nullification. This said that by the power of the State itself, that the federal Tariff of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and herefore null and obviate within the boundaries of South Carolina. He was completely against the Tariff of 1832 He was a member of the South Carolina nullification Convention of November 1832, and reported that the nullification passed by that body on the November 24. After resigning from the Senate in 1832, he was governor of South Carolina from December 1832 to December 1834, and while in that position took a strong stand against President Andrew Jackson, though he was more conservative than many of the other people against it in his state.He was later president of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charleston Railway from 1837 to 1839. Robert Young Hayne died in Asheville, labor union Carolina on September 24, 1839. His nephew, Paul Hamilton Hayne, was a poet who in 1878 published a book on the life of Senator Hayne. Andrew Jackson was born to Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson on March 15, 1767. This was only two years after they had emigrated from Ireland. He was born in the Waxhaws region. It is on the border of North and South Carolina. Jackson had two older brothers, Hugh and Robert.Their father died in an accident in February 1767, at the age of 29, three weeks before Jackson was born. The house that Jacksons parents lived in is now preserved as the Andrew Jackson Centre and is open to the public. Jackson had a poor education in the local schools. At only 13 he joined a local militia as a courier during the American Revolutionary War. His oldest brother, Hugh, died from heat exhaustion during the Battle of Stono Ferry, on June 20, 1779. They other 2 boys were kidnapped by the British and held as prisoners. They were not given much food while locked away.Jackson refused to clean the boots of a British officer, the man slashed at the youth with a sword, giving him scars on his left hand and head, as well as an intense hatred for the British. They also got smallpox while bein g held. Their mother secured their emancipation and Robert died just a few days later on April 27, 1781. His mother died from smallpox in November 1781. Jackson was left all alone at only 14. His entire immediate family had died from hardships during the war he blame the British. In 1781, Jackson worked for a time in a saddle-makers shop. Later, he taught school and studied law in Salisbury, North Carolina.In 1787, he was admitted to the bar, and moved to Jonesborough, North Carolina. Though his legal education was not the best, he knew enough to be a country lawyer on the frontier. Because he was not from a distinguished family, he had to prove himself. It didnt take long before he prospered in the law world. He was a delegate to the Tennessee constitutional convention in 1796. When Tennessee achieved statehood Jackson was elected its U. S. Representative. In 1797, he was elected U. S. Senator as a Democratic-Republican. He resigned in less than a year. He served a judge in the T ennessee Supreme Court from 1798-1808.When he was elected president in 1829, and again in 1832, he was the very first President to invite the public to attend the White House goon honoring his first inauguration. Daniel Webster was born to Ebenezer and Abigail Webster on January 18, 1782 in Salisbury, bracing Hampshire. Him and his 9 other brothers a sisters were raised on his families farm, just a small piece of land belonging to his father. Daniel was not a water-loving kid. Because of this his family tended to baby him. He was not made to do any farm work. He went to school at Phillips Exeter Academy, a preparatory school in Exeter, New Hampshire.After high school he attend Dartmouth College. After he graduated from Dartmouth he was apprenticed to the lawyer Thomas W. Thompson. Because of lack of money at home, Webster was forced to resign and become a schoolmaster. This was very common back than. In 1802 he became the master key of the Fryeburg Academy, Maine, for only one year. After this he left New Hampshire and got employment in Boston under the very well known attorney Christopher Gore in 1804. In 1805 Webster was accepted into the bar and returned to New Hampshire to set up a practice in Boscawen.Webster took an interest in politics. In 1813 he became a member of the U. S. House of Representatives of New Hampshire, where he served until 1817. He was the 14th US Secretary of State from 1841-1843. after he became a member of the U. S. House of Representatives of Massachusetts from 1823-1827. In 1845 he was elected Massachusetts United States Senator till 1850. Than he became the 19th U. S. Secretary of State from 1850-1852. Webster favored the union and federalism. He represented at least four clients against states interests before the US Supreme Court and won every case.